Showing posts with label antisemitism. Show all posts

Jews and microaggressions


I've come to the unhappy conclusion that your average American is no longer capable of recognizing even the most blatant antisemitism, which I suppose I might be happy about if it meant antisemitism had ceased to exist and so memories of it were starting to fade.

This is not the case, of course. I shouldn't be surprised, as we're also in an America where a significant number of white people seem sure that racism no longer exists. It just seems to be a matter of course nowadays that if you don't experience a particular oppression, you're sure it doesn't exist, or that it is being exaggerated, and that everybody is too sensitive.

Oppression tends to pass itself off as common sense, masquerading itself as a teller of obvious if unpopular truths. And so it is entirely possible — quite easy in fact — for people to not believe racism exists and yet to be unrepentantly racist.

A lot of public misbehavior takes the form of something called microaggressions. If you think people complaining about blatant oppression are bellyachers, you're probably not going to be keen on this theory, because they describe momentary encounters.  Harvard University professor Chester M. Pierce, who coined the phrase in 1970s, described them as "brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership."

They serve as almost subliminal messages, and the messages are never very good: You are not part of our group; we believe nonsense about you; we do not give you the same courtesy; we think your group is comical and ridiculous.

They're typically presented lightly, as a joke or an aside, and their smallness is insidious. It means any reaction to them is going to seem like an overreaction. Never mind that the people reacting are not reacting to a single microaggression, but to dozens, hundreds, thousands, all piled on top of each other, coming at them constantly, all serving as reminders that you are the subject of contempt.

Jews get it too, and if huge, undeniable acts of antisemitism are barely acknowledged, microaggressions against Jews go entirely unacknowledged. Here's a starter list; it is by no means complete, and I may add to it in the future, but these are the sorts of things Jews hear all the time.

1. Telling a Jew that they don't look Jewish

Jews do this too, to the point that "That's funny, you don't look Jewish" is a longstanding, lazy punchline. Jews shouldn't say this, because there is no one Jewish look. Even in Europe at the turn of the 20th century, when Jews were a relatively homogenized population, contemporary writing reveals that there were significant numbers of Jews with blonde hair, blue eyes, Jewish redheads, Jews with very pale or flushed red skin.

In the United States, the community is even more diverse, drawing from Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewish communities, among others, as well as bringing in a great deal of variety through conversion and intermarriage. An estimated 20 percent of the American Jewish community comprises people of color.

Since the community is so diverse, when people say that somebody doesn't look Jewish, they tend to mean that somebody doesn't look like a caricature of European Jews, and I will note that this caricature has long history of being weaponized against Jews. It's hurtful when Jews say it, because it feels needlessly exclusionary. When said by non-Jews, it starts to feel like their idea of Jewishness is more informed by media stereotypes of Jews than by actual Jewish people.

2. Using the phrase "rich Jew"

I used to work with a woman who used this construction quite often: "Oh, it's just her and her rich Jewish friends." Then she would look at me conspiratorially and say, "You know what I mean."

I think she meant "You know I don't mean that in an antisemitic way," but in fact I did know what she meant, as I have heard this construction my entire life. It means that the Jewish experience of money is somehow notable and must be commented on, must be turned into a compound word: rich Jew. I never heard her remark on rich Catholics, despite her having attended a well-heeled Catholic college, or rich Irish, despite the fact that the college was founded by Irish millionaires.

I will note that many of the women she was talking about were not actually rich, but, at best, squalidly middle-class. But if Jews dress up a little, participate in society in any way, spend money in any visible way, suddenly they are engaging in the behavior of the rich, they are showing off their wealth.

Discussions of Jewish wealth frequently tip over from microaggression to blatant antisemitism, and making a casual connection between Jews and wealth is extremely troubling. And it seems especially mean-spirited when speaking to a Jew who doesn't actually have very much money, like me.

3. Forcing Jews to be spokespeople for Israel or demanding an opinion on the subject

American Jews are not Israelis and should not be conflated with Israelis. American Jews have complicated and often divided opinions on the subject, and none of this is really your business unless they broach the topic.

When I was part of a local leftist community, and had co-organized a Jewish political group, I was constantly asked to speak on the topic of Israel, a place I have never been, claim no expertise about, and don't especially enjoy discussing.

American Jews are not proxies for Israelis. They should not be asked to speak on their behalf or to answer for the Israeli government. They certainly don't need to account for the behavior of a foreign government on command.

4. Doing Jewish accents, Jewish mother jokes, neurotic Jew jokes, etc

Yes, tese are staples of American comedy and are mostly borrowed from Jewish comedians, but, as a non-Jew, there are probably two things that you are doing wrong when you approach this material:

First, you're probably not doing it very well. I can't tell you how many bad Long Island accents I have heard from people doing Jewish mother characters, and it's grating. People's "old Jewish man" Yiddish voice is general even worse.

Secondly, you're probably missing a lot of nuance. Without the sort of careful observation that makes a joke specific rather than general, there is a real likelihood that you are going to sound like you are just making fun of Jews, that you think there is something inherently comical in the way Jews talk, or the way they experience the world.

That being said, Eddie Murphy's Saul the Jewish Guy from "Coming to America" was very good.

5. Positive stereotyping

I know people think positive stereotypes about Jews must be harmless; after all, you're saying nice things about the Jewish people, aren't you?

And they probably aren't as harmful as negative stereotypes. At the same time, they present an unrealistic view of Jews that is often far enough removed from the truth as to be frankly bizarre. I used to head that Jews made good husbands, which I think would have come as a surprise to the six or seven ex-wives two of my uncles managed to rack up between them.

And it can be genuinely harmful. A positive stereotype of Jews is that we're not drunks, which is simply not especially true. The statistics that support the idea that Jews drink less merely point out that they are hospitalized less and go into treatment less, but that Jews drink about the same amount as everyone else.

There are two possible ways to interpret this: That Jews simply hold their liquor better, or that they don't and there is cultural pressure not to get treatment for alcoholism. Having belonged to a Jewish fraternity and grown up around Jews who drank quite a bit, the latter jibes with my experience.

So by saying that Jews aren't alcoholics, even if it is meant as a positive stereotype, it may help discourage Jews from getting treatment.

On allyship: Shutting down debate

It has been three weeks since I wrote my essay about Jews and their allies, and I wanted to offer a followup.

Firstly, I won't be rejoining MetaFilter anytime soon. The moderators were shockingly absent in that thread, to the point that one apologized for his absence, and the resulting unmoderated discussion was so alienating to a number of Jews on the site that they likewise left. The thread is still open and still gets occasional comments, but seems to have wound its way down to a few commenters circling the same few subjects. This sense of irresolution has happened before on the site, in every past thread on antisemitism, and the problem persists.

The thread was instructive, in an unhappy way. The crux of it seemed to boil down to an impasse, and this is where the moderators are going to have to make a decision. The impasse is as follows: I, and several others, argue that discussions of antisemitism on the site must be taken in good faith. You do not need to agree with the conclusion, but you must not dismiss it outright, even when the subject is Israel.

Chill

There is a small group on the site that responds to this as though the request will cause an intolerable chilling effect on discussions of Israel. One person, in particular, argued that for every other group we can proceed from the assumption that they are acting in good faith when discussing oppression, but we cannot when it comes to the Jews. Jewish discussions of antisemitism will necessarily be tainted by our relationship with Israel, and therefore must be treated as suspect, as we are either blindly parroting pro-Israel viewpoints put forward by a vast pro-Israel propaganda outlet or are deliberately using charges of antisemitism to shield Israel from criticism.

This is galling. This is usually the point where I would say, yes, there are some Jews who unfairly throw around accusations of antisemitism where the subject of Israel is concerned, and, yes, I know they are irritating. I won't bother with that anymore. Those sorts of people exist in every group, and their abuse of the language of oppression should not be used as an excuse for ignoring discussions of oppression.

I have also dealt with those people, and they represent a minority Jewish opinion that sides itself with Israeli hard-line right wing politics. American Jews solidly back the two-state solution -- 80 percent. A plurality of American Jews find Israel's illegal settlements in Palestinian territories detrimental to Israel's peace process. As a whole, American Jews do not serve at the pleasure of Israel, we do not exist as unpaid propagandists for the country, and we are frequently publicly critical of the state.

Beyond this, I suppose I am part of the press mechanism that the commenter viewed as pro-Zionist propaganda, as community news editor of a Jewish newspaper. I've only had the job for three months, but in that time our coverage has included an awful lot that is explicitly critical of Israeli politics, especially that of the right wing Likud party.

Propaganda for Israel

We republish a great deal of material from the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, and I suppose you can go to their website and see for yourself if they could fairly be described as pro-Zionist propaganda. If you search for stories about antisemitism, of the past 20 stories, only four of them are about Israel or Zionism in any significant way: Two are about a student from McGill who enjoined students to "punch a Zionist"; one is about the new US envoy to Israel, David Friedman, who is controversial precisely for throwing around accusations of antisemitism and for calling Jews who disagree with him kapos; and one about Marine Le Pen of France's National Front Party saying Jews in France would have to give up dual citizenship with Israel.

You'd be hard-pressed to make the case that any of these four stories use the charge of antisemitism to deflect against criticism of Israel, and the one about Friedman is implicitly critical of him for his abuse of the charge of antisemitism. In the meanwhile, the last 20 stories about Israel include a story about Angela Merkel canceling a join cabinet meeting with Israel over illegal settlements and a story about Israel’s president reportedly saying outpost law makes the country look like an "apartheid state." None of these stories suggest that these critical viewpoints are antisemitic. There is a lot of criticism of Israel's policies published in American Jewish newspapers.

But I shouldn't have to go through and make a case that the Jewish press is not merely a propaganda organ for Israel. The idea that American Jews have divided loyalties and so cannot be trusted to honestly represent their viewpoints in discussion is an antisemitic viewpoint. It paints Jews as untrustworthy citizens, as shifty, and as manipulators of the press, all historical antisemitic charges against the Jews.

And yet it was allowed to stand. Moreover, none of the people in the thread who were afraid accusations of antisemitism would have a chilling effect spoke out against this. This suggests to me that, even if they didn't necessarily agree with it, they found it to be non-controversial. You would think that if someone said, hey, there is this minority group that has suffered two thousand years of oppression, but they cannot be trusted to discuss it because they either manipulate the press or are brainwashed by it, someone might take pause, but apparently not where Jews are concerned. Conveniently, this means that the only people who can be trusted to discuss antisemitism are the very people responsible for antisemitism and who benefit from it.

Jews and Israel

But this goes to a larger problem: People on the site simply cannot stop conflating Jews and Israel. Discussions of antisemitism are endlessly conflated with discussions of Israel, to the point that one commenter said that we have heard the viewpoint of Jews on this subject, but not the other side, meaning Palestinians. But, on the subject of antisemitism, the other side isn't Palestinians, it is antisemites.

This is a moderation issue, and one the moderators seem to be entirely at sea on. They present it as being complicated and nuanced, but there is nothing uniquely complicated or nuanced about anitsemitism, and hand-wringing about the complications is a perfect way to drive away Jewish members while behaving as though it's just too tough a subject to effectively address: One moderator even admitted as much in the thread while still leaving the thread unmoderated enough that a number of Jews left the site.

The people who think charges of antisemitism are used as a dodge repeatedly point to one user, who I mentioned in the last thread: JFA. He is repeatedly accused of this in the thread. When users ask that people on MetaFilter presume good faith when discussions of antisemitism occur, they are told this is impossible, because JFA.

I went back through JFA's posting history and I'll be damned if I can find a single example of him using charges of antisemitism to shut down criticisms of Israel.  Admittedly, I only went back four years, but that seems like enough. In fact, you can find numerous examples of JFA criticizing Israel. I know JFA has had comments deleted in the past, so maybe they were all insane, unjustified accusations of antisemitism, although the moderators often leave notes explaining their deletions. I'm not seeing any saying, essentially, we've talked about this, JFA, and no more of these wild charges, please.

What you do see is that JFA's antisemitism meter seems to be calibrated a bit more sensitively than a lot of people. He is especially keen-eyed for the form that criticism takes, pointing out if it mimics historic antisemitism. This happens once in the thread: A user says that the state of Israel wishes to grind Palestinians into dust, and JFA responds that this is the blood libel; he is immediately told he is wrong. I've seen this previously: JFA once pointed out that you'll see repeated hints of the idea that Jews consume blood in criticisms of Israel, such as Stephen Salaita making jokes about the Israeli company SodaStream selling "Palestinian blood orange flavor."

The pushback against was instant and enormous (it always is), despite JFA saying he doesn't know that this was meant as antisemitism, but when it is pointed out that you have accidentally duplicated a murderous charge against Jews, you would think people would walk it back, and they don't.

It's a fair cop, but it was treated as a wild, unjustifiable accusation designed to suppress dialogue. I don't always agree with JFA, but I don't think he's being dishonest in his participation. There will always be someone whose meter is tuned slightly differently than yours. It doesn't mean they're wrong, and it certainly doesn't mean they're dishonest.

Manufacturing a problem user

But there is this unproven perception of JFA as being a problem user, and therefore, according to critics, it is impossible to request that people address the question of antisemitism on the site because JFA makes it impossible.

This is a moderation issue. Because members of the site have decided that they can insist that JFA be the official spokesperson for the subject, can insist he is a flawed spokesman, and only respond to him and only by litigating what they see as the most problematic part of what he said. It's a perfect dodge, and you see the same tactic with other minority groups. I, and others, in the MetaFilter thread asked repeatedly that the thread not be a referendum on JFA, and were ignored. "maxsparber doesn't get to set terms for what we discuss here," one user said bluntly.

Jews on MetaFilter, including yours truly, have been asking for years for a moderation policy regarding the charge that Jews abuse accusations of antisemitism, and that request has not been honored. We have explicitly asked that the subject of antisemitism be treated as a good-faith discussion.

Instead, users keep singling out one guy, JFA, insisting without evidence he is acting in bad faith, insisting on responding only to him, insisting on responding to only what they see as the most easily disregarded aspects of what he says, and blaming him for this.

That's how you lose members of a community. That's how you lost me. It's not a complicated riddle of nuanced and twisty competing but legitimate agendas. It starts with one question: Do you believe Jews when they discuss antisemitism? And, if you do, what do you do about the fact that there are members of your community who don't believe Jews when they discuss antisemitism?

Until MetaFilter's moderators can answer that question, the thread I started, the one that caused me to feel alienated enough to leave, will happen again, as it has regularly for years now, and more will leave.

We can get into the nuances later. But we must start with a presumption of good faith, and, on MetaFilter, that presumption is not currently extended to Jews. That's a problem, and until it is solved -- and it will be solved with moderation -- it is going to be a site where a lot of Jews are not going to feel very welcome.

On Allyship


I took a break from a web forum called MetaFilter recently. I don't know how long it will last. Until I feel comfortable going back I suppose, which could be indefinitely.

I like MetaFilter as a site. I think it is an example for the rest of the web, in that it manages to be a general interest site that, thanks to smart moderating policies, is one of the few places on the web that isn't constantly poisonous.

But the site has a recurring problem with the subject of Judaism. It shows up occasionally on the site's back-end discussion board, MetaTalk. The first time I recall was back in 2007, when a user on the site leaped into a thread on Scientology to spread an old canard about the Talmud saying it was permissible for Jews to murder non-Jews.

This was a wilder time on MetaFilter, and responses to the thread were largely jokey, even from yours truly. It's a bit shocking to read threads from that time, but, generally, people were of the opinion that naked antisemitism shouldn't be allowed on the site, and that seems to have always been the site's policy. (It is worth noting that several of the site's moderators are Jewish.)

In general, the site has been rather good about this sort of thing, and I don't take specific issue with the moderating policies there. My issue isn't so much with the moderators at this moment as it is with the community as a whole, although I think the moderators play a large role in leading the community. I have been on MetaFilter since 2005, and in those 12 years I have never seen significant changes to the community's norms without the direct, specific, and continuous influence of the moderators.

Additionally, I should mention that while I am discussing MetaFilter specifically, it is as a representation of a larger issue: That of Jews and their allies.

What started this was a recent thread about white nationalist Richard Spencer getting socked in the face, which MetaFilter was generally okay with, as am I. But in the thread, somebody made a generalized distinction between the left and the right, saying:

"The right's propensity for violence is because they feel entitled to hurt us, to wipe us out, to enforce at any opportunity their sense of superiority.

"The left's propensity for violence, if you can call it that, is because we are afraid people will kill us for existing."

To which a regular user, we'll call him JFA, responded that the left is a big umbrella, and pointed out that Jews regularly feel threatened by certain anti-Zionist groups. He linked to an essay titled "Solidarity is for Goyim," which argues that, while Jews are frequently early and visible allies to many other groups that are in need, when Jews are in need, allyship is hard to find.


Antisemitism and the progressive community

This has been consistent with my own experiences, and I have long experience in the left. I cofounded a Jewish activist group in Minneapolis in the 1990s called the Jewish Activist Minyan, but found it enormously difficult to discuss issues of antisemitism with non-Jews in the progressive community, and when those issues came up -- especially the more subtle ones, the sorts of things that we now call microagressions -- found I was often dismissed.

As on MetaFilter, the Minneapolis progressive community generally thought obvious antisemitism was despicable, and, if they could punch a Nazi in response, were happy to. But when it came to smaller, endemic, near-invisible antisemitism that the left might be participating in and advancing? Nope.

I am going to try to divorce this as much as possible from discussions of Israel, although I can't entirely, because Israel is a significant subject for the left, and also is a place where unconscious antisemitism (or, sometimes, conscious antisemitism) will appear. It's also one of the places where charges of antisemitism are reflexively dismissed.

It's what happened in the thread. Rightly or wrongly, there are people on MetaFilter who think JFA uses the charge of antisemitism to shield Israel from criticism. I'm not going to go through his entire posting history to see if this is something he has ever done, because it doesn't matter.

But even if he did, and even if it did matter, I then chimed in and said his link rang true with me. I have no real history of discussing Israel on the site, for a few reasons. Firstly, my feelings about the place are complicated and frequently shifting. Secondly, discussions of the subject on the site have frequently been alienating to me, so I steer clear of them. Thirdly, as a Jew, I am often pressured to (and feel pressure to) weigh in on the subject, and I take issue with this, as it is a country I have very little relationship with and should not be expected to be a spokesperson for.

But I was ignored in favor of people immediately, reflexively lobbing dismissive statements at JFA. I then opened a MetaTalk thread to discuss this, and, despite me explicitly stating that I did not want this to be a referendum on JFA, but instead to discuss the larger issue of allyship with Jews, people kept insisting on discussing JFA, essentially saying it was impossible to discuss the subject because his participation was so problematic.

That's when I left.

Raw

Now, some of it is that my nerves are quite raw right now. This is a tough time. It's like a wildfire, and everybody's home is burning a little, and so I understand that perhaps the frightening rise of antisemitism, and the question of how people can be allies for the Jews, may not be everybody's first priority.

At the same time, our house is also on fire, with JCCs experiencing bomb threats and an official statement from the White House on International Holocaust Remembrance Day deliberately leaving out Jews, a gesture that, generously, was extraordinarily tone deaf.  Ungenerously, it was a move to strike the specifically Jewish experience out of the Holocaust, to universalize it in a way that erases history, which wouldn't be a terrific surprise given that there are White Nationalists in the White House just now.

So we could use a little support. Beyond that, we need our allies to do the same sort of work they ask of us. In the same way I am asked to be aware of where I am privileged, where I may be blinkered, where I may have unconscious assumptions and biases, where I assume authority that I don't have and reject authority that others have, all that -- well, Jews should be able to ask that of others.

But the article I linked above describes something they call "Gentile Fragility," and I have seen it. It's an unconscious, reflexive rejection whenever something about the Jews comes up that isn't Protocols of the Elders of Zion levels of obviousness.

If I can use another example from MetaFilter, back in 2009 there was fierce debate about the appropriateness of the use of the term JAP.  I was pretty active in that thread, and found it maddening. Not only was the idea that the phrase was offensive dismissed by many users, but the discussion itself was dismissed with the suggestion that there are more important things to talk about.

I was very hurt by that thread, because JAP is self-evidently a slur. But it went on forever, with people endlessly arguing about it. And I think what hurt most was there was no deference to the fact that here I was, a Jew, explaining in unambiguous terms what the issue was, and was held to be no more authoritative than a gentile who had never actually thought through the subject until that very moment and was having a knee-jerk reflex to give themselves permission to use it.

I know this is not unique to Jews. I see it happen to every minority group online. But people need to know that it happens to Jews, too, and we need their support when it happens. As an example, there is someone I am Facebook friends with who is a member of the Romani community. She friended me on Facebook because she saw my frequent and very public defense of the Irish Traveller ethnic group.

As happens occasionally, I saw a comment she made in a thread that interested me, so I peeked in. It was a group of mostly Romani commenters, and for some reason the thread deteriorated into a vicious series of openly antisemitic comments. And I kept waiting for this Facebook friend to step in and defend Jews in the way she had seen me defend others.

It didn't happen.

Speaking for the Jews

I feel this way a lot. Where are our allies? In the wake of the JCC bomb threats, I, like the author of "Solidarity is for Goyim," looked around for non-Jewish institutions that spoke out against this, and was shocked at how little public commentary there was. I have looked around for institutional responses from non-Jews to the absence of mentions of Jews or antisemitism in the official White House statement on International Holocaust Remembrance Day and found it almost entirely absent, but for a comment in an interview by Tim Kaine.

A thankfully deleted comment in my MetaTalk thread might suggest the reason why: It stated without equivocation that Jews do not experience institutional oppression, and therefore antisemitism is not seen as being a serious as other forms of oppression.

This isn't true -- the institution of antisemitism publicly privileges a few Jews in order to make them scapegoats, as demonstrated by the "Jews control the media" libel. That still exists, and is being used by the current administration to delegitimize the media. It's very present and is indeed institutional.

But even if the charge that there is no institutional oppression of Jews were true, what difference does it make? The world is full of big and little evils, and while we may have to prioritize the big over the little in an emergency, it does not mean we get to ignore the little altogether. And it is especially worth noting that antisemitism often escapes attention because the Jewish community is small, and the Jewish community is small because of genocide.

We are not living in a post-antisemitism world, as some seem to think, or in a world where antisemitism is so minor as to be inconsequential. We are instead living in a world where the Jewish community is so small that our suffering is easy to ignore.

Easy for non-Jews, that is. I work at a Jewish newspaper, and a lot of our content comes from Jewish wire services. Every day I must go through the news briefs they send out, and every day it includes stories of antisemitism: Students at the University of Houston praising Hitler on social media and expressing a desire to hurt Jews; A German publisher who apologized for including an antisemitic image in a schoolbook; a Crown Heights driver who threatened to shoot a crossing guard and a Jewish child; printers at Stanford, Vanderbilt and California, Berkeley that were used to print antisemitic fliers; Jewish actor Shia LaBeouf shoving a stranger who told him "Hitler did nothing wrong."

All these stories came in Friday. When we go to press, I must wade through all the stories of antisemitism and pick out which ones were are going to print, usually based on severity or novelty. It's likely the Jewish community doesn't know the startling frequency of antisemitic events, since they see only a fraction of it in print. I am sure it is all-but invisible to the non-Jewish world.


Some suggestions


I asked for help in the MetaTalk thread, help in how to address both this invisibility and the lack of allyship; help was not forthcoming. I have some general suggestions, as they are as follows:

1. Speak out: Jews need support too! We've a very small group, as I said, and so our experiences and concerns are often invisible, as I again said. We need non-Jews to amplify our concerns and our voices, and to speak out on our behalf. Don't presume that because there are visible Jews in the media that the Jewish experience is well-represented, or especially current.

2. Don't presume you understand antisemitism: It can be hard to fathom a form of oppression that seems to privilege people. That privilege is not universal, and historically it has always proved to be temporary and provisional. The history of antisemitism is one of a small percentage of Jews being granted visible privilege and all Jews subsequently being punished for that. Since we tend to discuss oppression in terms of privilege, it can be hard to fathom an oppression that adds privilege, rather that strips it away. But this is what antisemitism does, and its insidiousness is that this often renders antisemitism invisible.

3. Don't accuse Jews of using charges of antisemitism to silence critics of Israel: Yes, I know there are Jews who do this. I know they are irritating. But I see this charge launched preemptively all the time -- there was one MetaFilter thread on antisemitism in which it was mentioned dozens of times, but nobody could point to a specific example when pressed.

As a result, it seems far too often to be a way of submarining any talks of antisemitism by insisting on dishonest motives. If you are truly an ally, all charges of antisemitism must be taken seriously, even if you suspect their motives. Investigate the charge. Ask questions. Especially if more than one Jew brings it up.

Make no mistake, there is a lot of antisemitism that masquerades itself as criticism of Israel, and I would think, if you are genuinely attempting to address injustice in Israel, you would not want to be associated with antisemitism, and would want to make sure you are not accidentally participating in it.

Is it possible for Jews to abuse that, to simply fling around the charge without merit? It is. You still must take it seriously. In the end, you can decide the charge is meritless, but not without actually examining the charge. That's your responsibility as an ally, and, frankly, that's your obligation as a non-Jew.

Is this a pain-in-the ass? You bet. Consider it your fee for being on the wrong end of 2,000 years of antisemitism.

4. There will never be an ideal spokesperson: It becomes very easy to dismiss charges of antisemitism because the person leveling it may be far from ideal. But I've watched this dynamic play out before, and it always seems like the person who is readiest to speak out is the person who is easiest to disregard. They're too loud. They're too pushy. They overreach. Their motives are suspect. There just seems to be this litany of reasons to ignore them, none of them having to do with the thing the person just said.

Well, if you wait for the right person to phrase something the exact right way, it turns out you can put off addressing the issue forever. I know it is irritating to deal with irritating people, but, then, I don't know how to raise an unwelcome subject without being irritating.

And here's the thing: In the MetaFilter thread, when I raised the same topic as the disreputable JFA, people continued to address JFA. I've seen this phenomenon before, of people selecting who will be the spokesperson for an issue, and deliberately choosing the one they consider least credible.

I never know whether these tactics are deliberate or unconscious, and I guess I don't care. Either way, they frame the discussion in a way in which it can be delegitimized. Don't do that.

5. Don't insert yourself into in-group discussions: Jews, as a whole, agree on nothing. The Talmud, the compendium of Jewish law, is nothing but one long book of arguments, some spanning centuries, between rabbis who absolutely do not agree with each other. In terms of practical application of Jewish law, we mostly picked one group to follow, the House of Hillel, even though there was another group, the House of Shammai, who disagreed with Hillel on everything.

So there has never been Jewish consensus. As a result, if something seems to be antisemitic, you will always find one Jew who says it isn't. And that's fine -- one of Judaism's great strengths is its diversity, although you'll find Jews who disagree with me on that.

But that makes it easy for non-Jews to pick through Jewish arguments and find Jews whose viewpoints support their own. Don't do this. It is not the place of a non-Jew to pick a side in a Jewish argument because it supports their worldview.

6. Jews are the experts on their own experiences: Jews know what it means to be Jewish better than non-Jews. Defer to their expertise.

I know it is hard for people in the majority to hear this -- they didn't like it when women said they know more about the experience of being women than men do, they didn't like it when black people said they know more about being black than white people do, and they haven't liked it any other time. I don't know why this is, as this little precept seems self-evident, but it is so often ignored that I feel I must write it.

7. Don't blame Jews for antisemitism or expect them to fix it: There is a long and genuinely murderous history of Jews being held as responsible for the hatred against them. There were a lot of reasons offered: Jews represented the criminal classes, Jews would not assimilate, etc. This phenomenon even had a name: The Jewish Question.

The Jewish question is inherently antisemitic, as it presumes the Jews are a problem. The Final Solution actually got its name because it was proposed as the answer to the Jewish Question.

There is a temptation sometimes to say, well, if Jews did this, or they did that, or if Israel stopped doing this or that, things would be better for the Jews.

If you are tempted to do this, stop. It presents antisemitism as being an inevitable and reasonable response to something Jews have done. But the responsibility for antisemitism always lies with the antisemite, and we have 2000 years of history that prove that nothing Jews do has any effect on antisemitism. The Jewish Question is just a way of shifting blame for antisemitism away from antisemites and onto Jews.

Jews didn't create antisemitism, and therefore it is not their job to fix it. Truthfully, I am irritated at feeling like I have to write this essay, because while I am happy to have input in a series of suggestions like this, the fact that it has been left to a Jew to write it tells me non-Jews are not taking responsibility for their behavior.

8. Atheists out there: I am an atheist. I am culturally Jewish, but I am one of many, many Jewish atheists, including some rabbis.

There is a noxious and pernicious trend where particularly belligerent atheists think they can be unpleasant about the subject of Judaism because they are unpleasant about all religions. That the only commentary needed is a blinkered dismissal of an ancient superstition because this sort of fantasy is inherently an evil.

As one atheist to another, cut it out.

9. A last note: Finally, since I started this with a discussion of my experience on MetaFilter, I will mention the importance of online moderation. I have consistently seen the environment on MetaFilter shift because the moderators have taken an active role in discouraging behavior that creates problems, and have never seen it change without that effort.

I have noticed some shifts in MetaFilter policy since the last time the questions of MetaFilter and the Jews was brought up -- at least one instance where they stepped in to delete a "Jews just claim antisemitism to silence critics of Israel," as an example. I am not sure what further moderation policy would look like, but I know that I will need it publicly articulated before I am comfortable returning to the site.

And I need it publicly articulated for two reasons. Firstly, if it isn't, how will I know anything is being done? And how will I know that I feel these decisions will be effective?

But secondly, MetaFilter relies on its user-base to police for misbehavior, and without the users flagging comments that are a problem, they can be overlooked. Without the moderators making clear policy decisions, users will not know what should be flagged.

That's one of the ways they can speak up on the site. And, as I said, in general, I need people to speak up.

Zembin


My paternal grandparents always called themselves Russian. It wasn't until I was in my teens and heard an interview with my father's aunt that I got a sense that they may, instead, have come from near Minsk in Belarus -- an understandable conflation of the two countries, as Belarus was part of the Russian empire until WWI.

Online genealogy sites sometimes say they were from Esmin in Russia, which, as far as I have been able to tell, isn't an actual place. Going back in the family tree, I find their ancestors came from Zembin, which looks like this in Cyrillic: Зембін, almost like Esmin. I suspect that's where they came from, as it was a largely Jewish village and is about an hour outside of Minsk.

Here's what would have happened to my family had they not moved to America: In July, 1941, the Nazis occupied Zembin, setting up a ghetto for the Jewish community there. Two months later they liquidated the ghetto by executing 927 Jews, which seems to have been the entire Jewish population of the town.

I can do this with almost every branch of my family tree. My maternal great grandfather Isaac came from Warsaw, where somewhere in the area of a quarter of a million Jews were murdered by Nazis. My mother's maternal grandparents came from Kishinev in Moldova , where there was a pogrom in 1903 and whose remaining Jewish community, numbering about 10,000, were later murdered by the Nazis.

This is why I feel strongly about the question of refugees. I just need to go back a few generations to discover my own family's refugees, and discover that had they not fled and been allowed into America, they would have died. Every single family member I have would not exist had it not been for America welcoming refugees.

We have a long history of being a safe shore for those in need. Emma Lazarus, in her poem about the Statue of Liberty, calls her the Mother of Exiles, a name I think we should reclaim for her. It's foundational to our conception as a country, our sense that America is a place with a moral purpose in the world: That we take in those in need, that it forges our character and our strength. It is literally our motto: e pluribus unum, out of many, one.

Helping refugees is not something we do when convenient, or when we are in the mood to do it, or when the economy is right for it, or when they are refugees we like and we can turn away those we don't like. It's what we do because we are America, and that's who we are, and anyone who walks away from that legacy and that obligation is turning their back on the very thing that makes us America. And, for many of us, most of us I would guess, it is turning your back on your own ancestors, who likewise came to these shores in need, and were let in.

My School


The Sabes JCC received a bomb threat today, one of at least 32 Jewish Community Centers to receive such a threat, nine days after 16 JCCs were threatened with bombs on January 9.

I wrote about it for the newspaper I work for. There is a day school at the JCC, and I interviewed a girl who was in the day school and was evacuated. She described seeing little children, participants in the JCC's early childhood program. They had been swimming, and were outside the JCC in swim suits and bare feet, still wet from having been pulled from the pool. Older children gave them jackets and carried them across the snow.

This was my school. Not this particular day school, but an earlier one, a high school called Maimonides that was in the Sabes JCC back in the 1980s. And it was my school even earlier than that, when I was very little. I would go to summer school at the JCC.

This is how terrorism works. It's not just the threat of violence. The previous bomb threats were all hoaxes, and I expected this would be as well. But there doesn't need to be actual violence for it to be terrorism. There doesn't even need to be terror.

There just needs to be something like this. Something that reaches out and finds a place that is important and expresses contempt for it. Whether or not there was any actual bomb, members of Minneapolis' Jewish Community were sent a message, and the message was, simply, you are hated.

There is sometimes actual violence, which is why local Jewish organizations take it very seriously -- I know of at least one local synagogue that has a safe room in case of an active shooter. There was a member of the local Jewish community, Pamela Waechter, who was shot to death in the Seattle Jewish Federation in 2006. I remember Pamela. She was active in the Minneapolis Jewish Community before she moved away. A lot of us remember her, and so synagogues have safe rooms.

Sometimes people represent their hate for us through acts of violence, and sometimes through symbolic acts of violence, through threats of violence. They target the people we care about and the places we care about in order to make our world less steady, to remind us that the ground we stand on is not so very solid, our place in the universe is not so very fixed.

The terror here is not just that our Jewish Community Centers might explode with children inside them, although that's not a fear that we can simply dismiss. It is also that there are still people out there who hate us enough to make us fear for our children. There are people who hate us enough to want to unsettle us, to remind us that we are still not accepted, not entirely. They seek out the places where this message stings the most. They threaten to bomb my childhood school. They kill my neighbor.

I see them online, prodding for the places that hurt. They go after Jewish people on social media, women in particular. They place these Jews' faces on old antisemitic cartoons. They grasp for old antisemitic canards and cast them out like they still have currency. They Photoshop Jews into gas chambers. They resurrect old hate language and breathe new life into it. And they keep poking, poking, searching for the thing that stings, the thing that gets the reaction.

Like Jews need more of it. Like it doesn't hurt me enough to remember that Pam Waechter is dead, like that doesn't destabilize me every time I think of it, so more must be added. Are we supposed to be brave in the face of this? Are we supposed to stiffen our backs and not admit that this hurts? It hurts me just to know people want to hurt me. They need do nothing more. All that's required is the desire to injure me for being Jewish, and I am already knocked off my feet.

So here I stand, within walking distance of the Sabes JCC, but with unsteady ground between here and there. But what can we do? We have to cross that ground, regardless of how much it might seem like it might buck and bend under us.

There are children shivering in the cold, and we must carry them.

Why 'Are Jews White' is a Worrying Question


It's irritating that the question of Jews and whiteness is coming up right now. More than irritating, it is worrying. The social status of Jews is one of those canary in a coal mine things -- when it becomes the subject of dispute, it means that there is a massive restructuring occurring, and it is one rooted in race, in nationalism, and in exclusion.

Jews are useful that way, because we are a group who has a long history of gaining and then losing privilege. Social status for Jews is always provisional. It is granted when it is useful for the majority, and taken away when it is more useful for Jews to be stripped of status.

We are subject to constant reminders that whatever privilege we have has been given grudgingly, but we haven't really earned it. The classic antisemitic canards paint Jews as interlopers, and paint Jewish privilege as overreach. Look at the Jewish American Princess caricature: She is presented as being greedy, spoiled, and sexually regressive. These same characteristics can be applied to non-Jews and reframed: ambitious, well-bred, chaste. These are qualities that are socially desirable in a non-Jewish woman, but represent an intolerable intrusion when a Jewish woman attempts them, and so she is mocked and punished for attempting to be like a non-Jew.

The subject is privilege

And, make no mistake, when we discuss Jews and whiteness, we're discussing status and privilege. Jews cannot be said to be white or to not be white, because there are Jews who are white, like me (I am ethnically Irish and English and was adopted by Jews) and Jews who are not white, like, say, Canadian rapper Drake, who is biracial. Drake doesn't represent a small outlier population among North American Jews either -- somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of Jews in the Americas are people of color.

But I suppose we're talking about Ashkenazim, aren't we? There is a general presumption that all American Jews are Ashkenazim, and, though this isn't fair to Jews who are not Ashkenzim, or Jews who have Ashkenazi ancestors but are people of color, let's address it for a second.

Before we do, it must be said that race is mostly bunkum. It's an awesomely complicated story and I don't have the space to do it justice, so suffice it to say that race theory is directly a product of European imperialism and colonialism. It is garbage science, and mostly existed to establish a hierarchy of power that justified European colonial oppression. Who is and isn't white has had a lot to do with who was in power and who wasn't, and so you find a lot of light-skinned groups in history who were nonetheless not considered white. As an example, for a long time Anglo Saxons considered themselves a different race than the Celts.

American has its own history of exclusion, which likewise didn't consider the Irish to be white for a while, but also managed to exclude light-skinned Hispanics, Italians, Slavs, and, for a while and rather insanely, Germans. Ben Franklin certainly didn't consider them white and had a horror of America being overrun by "swarthy" Europeans, saying the following, highlights mine:

[T]he number of purely white People in the World is proportionably very small. All Africa is black or tawny. Asia chiefly tawny. America (exclusive of the new Comers) wholly so. And in Europe, the Spaniards, Italians, French, Russians and Swedes, are generally of what we call a swarthy Complexion; as are the Germans also, the Saxons only excepted, who with the English, make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth.

Immigration is always a sore point, and so supposedly undesirable immigrants historically found themselves on the wrong side of whiteness, regardless of their skin color. But one's status as an immigrant is generally relatively temporary, and, so, within a generation or two, America absorbed its undesirable immigrants and made them white, with a few notable exceptions.

Black people are one of the notable exceptions, of course. America was founded on a racist institution, slavery, and justified the institution by by baking status into skin color. Asians have historically been excluded from whiteness as well, which has its own terrible and complicated history. Native Americans have also been excluded from whiteness, which is hardly surprising, as they were the targets of a campaign of genocide.

A complicated question

The question of Jews and whiteness is a complicated one. It is complicated in part by the fact that whiteness itself is complicated. We might be talking about white privilege, which many light-skinned Jews do have, to a large extent. (Although it is worth noting that some of these privileges are contingent on assimilation, and so if you are visibly Jewish, you may lose some of these privileges. Less assimilated Jews are often assumed to be clannish, selfish, criminal, and may suffer from lack of access to jobs, housing, etc.)

There is a popular meme I frequently see on Twitter and Facebook about how surprised racists would be if they met Jesus, who, in this case, is presumed to be a dark-skinned Middle Easterner, which presumes that Jews with this background are not white, or, at least, are dark enough to create problems for racists. But there was a sort of nasty joke making the rounds in leftist communities a few years ago that described the Holocaust as "white on white crime," which presumes that Jews are, in general, white people. Former KKK Imperial Wizard David Duke recently tweeted that Jews unambiguously are not white, and I suspect what he meant by white is Aryan. (Make no mistake -- while the Nazis did not think about race the way Americans generally do, they certainly did not consider Jews to be the same race as them, and neither do American racists.)

So the answer to the question of "Are Jews white?" is that it depends on what Jews you are talking about what what you mean by white.

The answer, in general, will be something like this: Light-skinned American Jews typically, although not universally, have access to a lot of privileges. If you're a light-skinned Jew, you should be aware of this, because it means you benefit from a racist system, and we should do what we can to combat racism.

But the reason this question is worrying is because of the history of antisemtism, in which Jews have not simply been privileged, but instead they have been visibly privileged. They have been made to be the stand-in for privilege, the representation of privilege, and you'll see examples of that in America. There is a presumption of Jewish wealth in this country, and a presumption of Jewish institutional control of the media. There is a presumption that Jews have enormous political influence. There is a history of highlighting Jewish involvement in past oppression, to the point of making Jews responsible, as with the libel that Jews were behind the slave trade.

The genius of antisemtism is that it highlights Jewish privilege in order to funnel legitimate outrage at an illegitimate target: the Jews. Privilege, whether real or perceived, can be extraordinarily dangerous for Jews, because there is a long history of us being targeted for it and punished for it, because it is seen as unearned and oppressive.

This is why it can be nerve-wracking when the question of Jewish whiteness gets bandied around. The question itself is too complicated to be useful, but the fact of it represents a social shift in which the status of Jews is being called into question. Historically, that's a dangerous time for Jews.

Privilege makes Jews a target

I have had a lot of contact with non-Jews who think that antisemtism is, for the most part, beneath concern. They see the status that some Jews enjoy and presume that, for the most part, Jews have been integrated into whiteness well enough that they enjoy one of the major privileges of whiteness, which is not to be targeted. They don't understand that any privilege Jews are seen as having actually makes Jews a target.

If you're not a part of the Jewish community, it is possible for antisemtism to be invisible to you. An especially spectacular example of it might make it into your local paper now and then, and it will shock you, but there will be no reason to assume this is something that happens with any frequency.

In the meanwhile, if you're Jewish, you follow Jewish media, and so you get a lot more stories about antisemitic events, most small enough not to attract mainstream media attention. You're probably aware that Jews are, in fact, the largest target for religious hate crime, representing about 59 percent of this sort of crime, even though Jews are only two percent of the population of America. You probably have experienced some of this crime yourself, or know people who experienced it. And so it doesn't seem small or incidental, but significant and ongoing.

You probably also know about the rise of a xenophobic hard right in Europe, and that this has been accompanied by an explosion of antisemitism. And so the rise of a similar right wing movement in America, especially when they successfully ran a candidate whose campaign was entirely based on xenophobia and racism, is worrying. Especially when this candidate's victory has generated a surge in antisemitic and racist incidents.

So the unfortunate answer to the question "Are Jews white?" is: White enough to be visibly privileged, and to be a target for it.